The entry of Islam
Various theories concerning the entry of Islam to Indonesia continued to appear until now. The focus of discussion about the arrival of Islam in Indonesia has so far revolved around three main themes, namely the origin of his arrival, the carrier, and time of arrival. Regarding the place of origin that touches the arrival of Islam Indonesia, among historians there are several opinions. Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara overviewed into three major theories. First, the theory of Gujarat, India. Islam is believed to come from the territory of Gujarat - India through an Indian Muslim traders around the 13th century AD. Second, the theory of Makkah. Islam arrived in Indonesia believed direct services from the Middle East through Arab traders Muslims around the 7th century AD. Third, the theory of Persia. Islam arrived in Indonesia through the role of Persian traders who on his way home stopped by the Gujarat prior to the archipelago around the 13th century AD. Through the Sultanate Tidore which also controls the Land of Papua, since the 17th century AD, the farthest reach of the spread of Islam has reached the Onin Peninsula in Fakfak, West Papua.
The colonial period
In the 17th century BC or in 1601 the Dutch East Indies empire came to the archipelago to trade, but on their subsequent development colonize this area. The Dutch came to Indonesia with its trading rooms, VOC, since then almost all parts of the archipelago mastered except Aceh. At that time between the Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago have not had time to form alliances or cooperation. This is causing the spread of propaganda was interrupted.
With perfection of Islam that there is no separation between certain aspects of life with others, this has been applied by the scholars at that time. When the occupation came, the clergy became the headquarters of the struggle to change schools, the students (boarding students) to Jundullah (soldiers of God) ready to fight invaders, while theologian become warlords. The potential to grow and develop in the 13th century into the power of resistance against the occupiers. This can be evidenced by the saga-saga in the Islamic kingdom of poetry, his verse contains a call to struggle. The clerics fomenting jihad against the Dutch colonialists. Dutch experience that eventually overwhelmed using these strategies:
o Politics of divide et impera, which in fact divisive or pit between scholars with indigenous forces, for example Padri War in West Sumatra and Java Diponegoro war.
o Bring Prof. Dr. Cristian Snouk Hourgonye alias Abdul Gafar, a Professor of Indonesian at the University of the Netherlands East Indies, which was also an Orientalist who had studied Islam in Mecca. He argues for the Dutch government allowed the Muslims to worship only mahdhoh (special) and forbidden to speak or to make practical politics. The idea was undertaken by the Dutch government and one of them is a restriction against the Muslims who will perform Hajj, because at the time that's happened maturation struggle against colonialism.
Demographics
Most Muslims in Indonesia are in Indonesia's western region, such as on the island of Sumatra, Java, Madura and Kalimantan. As for the East, many Muslims who settled in the region of Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, and North Maluku and certain enclave in eastern Indonesia such as Alor, Fakfak, Haruku, Banda, Tual and others.
Most Muslims in Indonesia are in Indonesia's western region, such as on the island of Sumatra, Java, Madura and Kalimantan. As for the East, many Muslims who settled in the region of Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, and North Maluku and certain enclave in eastern Indonesia such as Alor, Fakfak, Haruku, Banda, Tual and others.
Procurement transmigration from Java and Madura to massively carried out by the Suharto government for three decades to the eastern region of Indonesia has led to increasing Muslim population there. For the first time, in the 1990 became the minority Christian community in the Moluccas. This transmigration policy, which has expanded the social and economic disparities, resulting in a number of conflicts in Maluku, Central Sulawesi, and parts of Papua.
Architecture and Educational Islamic in Indonesia
Islam is very much influence on the architecture of buildings in Indonesia. Betawi house one of them, is the architectural style is heavily influenced by Islam. In one forum question and answer in the Era of Muslim sites, it is mentioned that the house has a terrace width Betawi, and no bale-bale for a gathering place, is one of the architectural features of Islamic civilization in Indonesia.
a. Mosque
Masjid Raya Medan al Ma'shun, is one of the characteristics of Islamic architecture of existing buildings in Indonesia
The mosque is a place of Muslim worship that can be found in various places in Indonesia. According to data from the Institute Ta'mir Masjid Indonesia, there are currently 125 thousand mosques are managed by these institutions, while the overall number based on data from the Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2004, the number of mosques in Indonesia as many as 643,834 pieces, this number increased from the data in 1977 that as many as 392 044 fruit. It is estimated, the number of mosques and mosque in Indonesia is currently between 600-800 thousand pieces.
b. Education
b. Education
Government Elementary School Student Affairs (MIN) Sub Peat, Banjar District, South Kalimantan. Picture taken late January 2006.
Pesantren is one of the existing system of Islamic education in Indonesia with a distinctive and unique characteristics, are also regarded as the oldest education system in Indonesia. Moreover, in Islamic education in Indonesia is also known as the Government Elementary School (elementary), Madrasah Tsanawiyah (continued), and Madrasah Aliyah (middle). For Islamic university level in Indonesia are also increasingly developed in line with the times, this can be seen from the continued diversity of the Islamic university. Almost every province in Indonesia can be found State Islamic Institute and several other Islamic universities.
Islamic organization in Indonesia
There are several Islamic organizations in Indonesia, including the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, and the Liberal Islam Network. NU is the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia with about 35 million members. NU is often categorized as traditional Islam, one of them because of boarding education system. Muhammadiyah is the second largest Islamic organization, with members of about 30 million. Muhammadiyah has thousands of schools, universities, and institutions of higher education as well as hundreds of hospitals throughout Indonesia. Meanwhile, liberal Islam is a religious movement that emphasizes the understanding of Islam that is open, tolerant, inclusive, and contextual. In Indonesia, the spread of liberal Islam has been going on since the early 1970, with characters Nurcholis Madjid (Cak Nur). Although not known as a liberal Muslim, Cak Nur's thoughts are often referred to as modernization Islamic thought, the basis of the development of liberal Islam today. Since 2001, a number of young Muslim intellectuals and activists started the spread of liberal Islamic ideas in a more organized. They later founded the Liberal Islam Network.
In addition to the above three organizations, in Indonesia, also known as the Islamic Defenders Front, the Indonesian Mujahidin Council, and Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia.
Political islam in Indonesia
With a majority Muslim population, politics in Indonesia can not be separated from the influence and role of the Islamic ummah. However, Indonesia is not a country that is based on Islam, but there are some areas that are given the privilege to apply Islamic law, such as Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Along with the reform of 1998, in Indonesia the number of growing Islamic political party. If previously there was only one Muslim political parties, namely the “Partai Persatuan Pembangunan”, caused by government policies that limit the amount political parties, in the 2004 elections there were six political parties which is based on Islam, namely the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, Partai Bintang Reformasi, Partai Amanat Nasional, Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa dan Partai Bulan Bintang.
Along with the reform of 1998, in Indonesia the number of growing Islamic political party. If previously there was only one Muslim political parties, namely the “Partai Persatuan Pembangunan”, caused by government policies that limit the amount political parties, in the 2004 elections there were six political parties which is based on Islam, namely the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, Partai Bintang Reformasi, Partai Amanat Nasional, Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa dan Partai Bulan Bintang.
Labels: Islamic History
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