Showing posts with label Islamic History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Islamic History. Show all posts
It is narrated from
Aisyah that once the Quraysh tribe was shocked by the news about a woman from
Bani Makhzumi committing a crime in the form of theft. The tribal elders asked
each other, "Who will bring the news of this theft to the Messenger of
Allah e?" Some people replied, "Who dares to say that if not Osama
bin Zaid, the adopted son who was loved by the Messenger of Allah." So
Osama also conveyed the news to the Prophet. So the Messenger of Allah said,
"Are you going to ask for intercession (so that the woman is freed) from
one of Allah's laws?!" Then he stood up and continued his words: “The
nations before you have perished, for if only there werea person of honor among
them commits theft, then they do not punish him. However, if a weak person (the
commoners) commits theft, they impose punishment on him. By Allah, if Fatimah
the daughter of Muhammad stole, I would have cut off her hand."
Even before Ali died,
Muawiya claimed to be the true caliph. His family, the Umayyads, provided the
next fourteen caliphs. They ruled until 750. Muawiya moved the capital of Islam
from the holy city of Medina to Damascus, capital of Syria. He had been
governor of Syria for Uthman. His supporters and his army were there. Each
Umayyad caliph named a relative to be his successor before he died. This was to
avoid arguments. But it meant that a ruling family was being created.
The Umayyad ruled well
for a while. Under them, Arab rule grew to the borders of modern-day France in
the west and India in the east. They built fabulous mosques like the Dome of
the Rock in Jerusalem. They allowed their people to bring their problems to
them and consulted advisers about their policies. They were just like the Arab
sheiks of the desert. They kept many of the efficient Christian clerks of the
Byzantine Empire, but put Arabs in the top jobs. They had a postal system using
riders on horseback to reach all parts of their lands. Arabic replaced Greek
and Persian as the language of the captured territory. They started the first
Arab coinage, the gold dinar and the silver dirham. Before this, the Arabs had
used the coins of other countries. All of this meant the Umayyads had firmer
control than any caliphs before.
But they started to
neglect the rules of Islam. They did not base their laws on the Koran. They
were not good Muslims like earlier caliphs. They built lavish palaces outside
the towns, where they spent their time hunting or drinking and dancing.
Surrounded by beautiful women, poets and musicians. Their subjects became
unhappy with the Umayyads. Many Muslims, especially the Shi’ites, thought that
the beliefs of Islam were being forgotten. The Christians and Jews under Arab
control became restless too. They didn’t like having to pay more taxes than
Muslims. The Persians were also restless. They had a glorious history and
didn’t like the way the Arabs looked down upon them. The Bedouin soldiers, who
had fought for the land the Umayyads ruled, began the settle down and live as
farmers. Many of them didn’t want to fight for Umayyads any longer.
A group of Arabs began
to use this discontent to stir up trouble against the Umayyads. They had
settled in the lands aptured from the Persian Empire but they were Arab
descendants of one of Muhammad’s uncles, al-Abbas. They called themselves the
Abbasids. They started a propaganda campaign against the Umayyads. Then they
raised n army from their supporters. At the Battle of the Great Zab in750, they
defeated and killed the caliph. Umayyad control of Islam thus ended.
After Muhammad died, in
632, the Muslims needed a new leader for their country and for Islam, their
religion. It was not clear who should take over from Muhammad as leader of the
Muslims. A group of Muhammad’s closest friends chose Abu Bakr to be their new
leader. The Muslims gave him the title of caliph, which means successor or
deputy. As caliph, Abu Bakr was ruler of the new Muslim territories and
defender of the Islamic religion. Abu Bakr was succeeded by three other caliphs
– Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The first four leaders followed Muhammad’s example
closely. Like him, they used the rules of Islam to govern the Muslims. They
lived simple lives and tried to rule fairly. But their rule was also a time
when the Muslims were constantly fighting to make Islam stronger. They encouraged
was and battles against other Arabs and against outsiders, saying they were
necessary to remove injustice and the enemies of Islam.
During the 30 years
after 632, the Muslims were governed by four caliphs, who were outstanding men
chosen for their good character. They were unselfish and tolerant, knew the
Koran, and had been Muhammad’s dearest friends. The word caliph means
successor. These first four caliph were known as the “rightly-guided” caliphs
because they followed Muhammad’s example closely.
Abu
Bakr
ruled for only two years. He was followed by Umar, a giant of a man, from 634-644. When he went to Jerusalem, he
set out with only one servant and a camel, which he and the servant took turns
to ride. Umar lived all his life without luxuries.
Uthman
then became the leader. He was a simple and kind-hearted man. But the angered
the people of Egypt by replacing the governor with his own cousin, who set
higher taxes. A group of Egyptians killed Uthman in 656.
Ali,
the next caliph, was opposed by many Muslims, including Uthman’s cousin
Muawiya. There was constant argument. In 661 Ali was also struck down while at
prayer in the mosque. He did not die for three days, during which time he
protected and fed his assassin.
When Muhammad died,
Muslims controlled most of Arabia. Soon they started expanding much further.
Why did they do this? Some Arabs were eager to spread Islam. The Koran promised
that any Muslims who died in battle for his religion would go to Heaven. It
also said that Allah supported the use of war to defend Muslims against enemies
of Islam. Other joined the attacks for the riches they brought. They wanted to
expand into the fertile land of the Persian Empire and the Byzantine Empire
(the remains of the Roman Empire).
The success of the
Arabs was amazing. By 640, moving north, they had captured Jerusalem and
Damascus and controlled Syria. Soon after, they conquered Persia, Arab armies
also headed west. By 642 these armies captured Cairo and took control of Egypt.
A navy was created and Cyprus was captured in 649. By 670 the Arabs had
occupied Tunisia and in 708 they reached the Atlantic Ocean. Striking east,
they had reached Samarkand by 676 and the borders of India by 707. Victory at
the Battle of Talas in 751 against the Chinese secured central Asia. From such
a humble start, how had they done it? The sources in this unit give some clues.
The Arab tactics were
simple. They would charge the enemy and cast a shower of javelins. They would
repeat this until the enemy showed signs of breaking and then start hand to
hand combat. They were usually outnumbered and the superiority of their enemies
should have been overwhelming. The Arabs had no siege equipment (to help them
break down the defenses of a city of fortress).
Within a few years,
they had destroyed the Persian Empire, which had already been weakened by the
Byzantium, their task was easier because the people were tired of heavy taxes. They
had been persecuted because of differences of opinion about some points of the
Christian religion. They expected better treatment from the Muslims. In North
Africa the fierce Berbers became Muslims and added new strength to the Arab
armies.
The Arabs were tough
men. They knew that if they were killed in this holy war, Allah would reward
them in paradise. They believed that Allah had decided that Islam would
triumph.
Muhammad (570-632) was
born into a humble family. His father, Abdullah, had died suddenly, leaving his
new bride, Amina, pregnant. Muhammad was raised by his uncle, Abu Talib, a
merchant. He first worked as a shepherd, then as a merchant on his uncle’s
trade caravans.
Muhammad was 40 years
old before he received a revelation from the Angel Gabriel. During the rest of
his life, he continued to receive messages from God. These messages formed the
beliefs of Islam. First his friends and then the tribes of Arabia were
converted to Islam. Later it spread across huge areas.
Muhammad arrived in
Medina with several of his followers. The people there welcomed him as the
prophet of God and found places in their homes for the Muslims. Muhammad continued
to preach and got more followers. He soon became the leader of Medina. People
looked to him to solve disputes in the town and with other tribes. He started
to arrange collections for the needy. Gradually, he began to make laws for
people to follow, including rules about marriage, divorce and food. He was
still getting messages from God and these were more and more about how people
should lead their lives. For example, Chapter 17 of the Koran includes commands
for Muslims to be kind to their parents and the old and to be generous. Islam
gave status and the hope of Heaven to the poor; Muhammad’s laws brought justice
and order. Medina had become a small Islamic state with Muhammad as its leader.
But tension between the
Muslims and the Koraish in Mecca continued. The Meccans accused the Muslims of
raiding their trade caravans. In 624, the Meccans sent an army of about 1.000
men to punish the Muslims. The Muslims only had a force of 300 but they were
very loyal and brave. They won the fight, called the Battle of Badr. The
Muslims were now a fighting force as well as a religious group. Muhammad made
treaties with other Arab tribes to make sure that they didn’t join the Meccans.
Some of these tribes became Muslims.
Fighting continued for
the next few years. Muhammad sometimes led the Muslims in battle; once he was
wounded in the face and leg. He was a successful general. Eventually, the
Muslims wore down the Meccans and in 630 Muhammad took his followers back to
Mecca in triumph. He went directly to the Ka’ba, took out all of the altars and
idols and declared it a temple to Allah alone. This was wise decision since the
Ka’ba was known all over Arabia and it became a place of worship for all
Muslims. By a mixture of preaching, persuasion and force, the Muslims soon
controlled all of the main tribes and town of Arabia.
Muhammad fell ill in
Medina in 632 and died. He had a fever and violent headaches. For several days
he was nursed by his wife, Ayesha. Finally, his head cradled in Ayesha’s arms,
the Prophet Muhammad died. In about 23 years he had started a religion which
had come to dominate the lives of thousands of followers and was still
expanding.
Arabia was a very poor
area, mostly desert or scrub. Many Arabs made a living from tending sheep. Some
of these were Bedouins who were nomads, constantly moving their sheep, camels
and tents from place to place. Other used camels in groups, called caravans, to
carry goods from town to town to sell. The Arabs were split into many tribes.
There was no single king who ruled them. They had no single religion either.
Most Arabs worshipped several gods and spirits that they believed lived in
rocks and trees.
Muhammad was born in
570 in Mecca, a trading town on the caravan routes. It had the country’s most
sacred temple, a cube shaped building called the Ka’ba. The Ka’ba had over 360
altars, statues and other religious objects or idols which the Arabs
worshipped. People traveled many miles to worship there.
Muhammad belonged to an
important tribe, the Koraish (Quraysh). They charged fees to all the traders
and worshippers who came to Mecca. But Muhammad was an orphan by the age of six
and quite poor. He worked on the caravans. He disliked life in Mecca. There was
too much fighting and greed among the tribes; women, children and the poor were
badly treated; there was too much drunkenness and gambling; people worshipped
all kinds of idols. From, about 610 Muhammad spent more time alone, thinking
and praying on nearby Mount Hira. Then he started to get message from God.
Muhammad told his friends about the messages. He called them revelations;
truths revealed to him by God. Straight away some people wrote them down.
Eventually they were collected together in a book called the Koran (Qur’an).
In the revelations, an
angel said that Muhammad was the last of God’s prophets (messengers) and more
important than those before, like Jesus. Muhammad began to preach these
messages to the people. He said there was only one God (the Arabic for God is
Allah); that it was evil to worship idols; that greed was wrong; that Allah
would judge everyone when they died and send them to Heaven or Hell; that God’s
followers should obey Him before all others. Islam means submission (to God’s
will).
Muhammad gained many
followers, especially among the poor. But Islam was not popular with the rich
in Mecca. They feared losing their money, their religions and their power. In 622
many Muslims began to move away from Mecca to settle in Medina (Madinah), a
nearby town. In Medina, the Muslims were welcomed. Eventually, Muhammad also
left for Medina, chased by the Koraish. They offered a prize of 100 camels for
his capture. This move to Medina is called the Hijrah. The birth of Christ is
so important to Christians that they count their dates from then. The hijrah is
so important to Muslims that they start counting their history from then. So the
year AD 622 is the year 1 AH (After Hijrah) for Muslims.
Islamic civilization In the Umayyad Period II (in Andalusia)
0 comments Posted by Raihana Nashwa at 8:23 PM
In a period of more than seven centuries of Islamic rule
in the classical period.
Andalusia's heyday peaked. Many achievements they earn even having an effect brought
Europe and then the world to
progress more complex, Andalusia is also said
to be able to compete is in
eastern Baghdad. Many
people steeped in European
studies at Islamic universities there. While
it could be said, Islam has been a teacher
for Europeans. For eight centuries, Islam had triumphed in the Earth Europe
(Andalusia) and build a glorious civilization. But civilization is
built with great difficulty and
hard work of the Muslims, it should be abandoned and removed simply
because of deficiencies occurred
among the Muslims themselves
and for the success of a Western or European rising
from underdevelopment. Resurrection
which covers almost all of the elements of
civilization, especially in
politics, with the defeat of the
Islamic empire and the work
of the world until the advances in science and
technology.
Al Andalus means "to be green at the end of the summer" and
refers to the area occupied by the Muslim kingdom in southern Spain that
includes cities such as Almeria, Malaga, Zadiz, Huelva, Seville, Cordoba, Jaen
and Granada. Andalusia is located in southwestern Europe with borders in the
east and southeast are the Mediterranean, south of the African continent are
hampered by the Straits of Gibraltar, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north
ole bay Biscy. Mountains
in the east sea Pyneria limit Andalusia with France. Andalusia
is the name of Islam in the area known for Liberia peninsula (approximately 93%
of the Spanish, the rest of Portugal) and Vadalusia. The
name is derived from the word Vandalusia, which means the land of the nation
vandal, because the southern part of the peninsula had been ruled by the
Vandals before they were driven out to North Africa by The Goths in the 5th
century AD
Andalusia social conditions before the Islamic conquest is very concern. Polarized society into different classes according to their social background. So there is the class of one, two and three. Class communities, the ruler, consisting of the king, the princes, the princes palaces, religious leaders and large landowners. Second class consists of young gentlemen. Landlords small is a small group of people are the ones people second class (second citizen). The group consists of three class society including slaves in the slave whose fate depends on the farmer's land, pastoralists, fishermen, blacksmiths, Jews and the workers in exchange for two meals a day. They can not enjoy the fruits of their land grap. People's grade two and three were very teritindas by many top-class fled to the forest for fear of persecution by the authorities. In order to survive, they had to make a living with road kill, rob or hijack. Their moral decadence coincided with the collapse of their economies.
Andalusia social conditions before the Islamic conquest is very concern. Polarized society into different classes according to their social background. So there is the class of one, two and three. Class communities, the ruler, consisting of the king, the princes, the princes palaces, religious leaders and large landowners. Second class consists of young gentlemen. Landlords small is a small group of people are the ones people second class (second citizen). The group consists of three class society including slaves in the slave whose fate depends on the farmer's land, pastoralists, fishermen, blacksmiths, Jews and the workers in exchange for two meals a day. They can not enjoy the fruits of their land grap. People's grade two and three were very teritindas by many top-class fled to the forest for fear of persecution by the authorities. In order to survive, they had to make a living with road kill, rob or hijack. Their moral decadence coincided with the collapse of their economies.
Conquest over Andalusia members tremendous positive impact.
Andalusia made ideal and cultural development center. When European
civilization drowning in darkness and destruction, Islam torch shone across
Europe through Adalusia, the nation Vandhal, Goth and berber. Islamic justice
that has not been previously known. Oppressed commoners who live in the
darkness gets the justice, have the freedom of life and self-determination. The
Goth freed slaves in the nation by the Muslim rulers and was given a job based
on ability. Tolerance of the Muslims are a peace treaty with the rulers who
have conquered. Freedom, equality and fraternity are applied, allowing the
conquered nations that participated in the government abgian together with
Muslim rulers. So Islam does not recognize any distinction of caste and faith. When
defeated, the level of civilization of Andalusia is very low and the general
situation is so pathetic, so that the Muslims more teaching than learning.
Europe alone at a party plagued by the Berber Germany. Meanwhile, Greek
philosophy and science have long moved to Syria and Persia.
The conquest of the peninsula begins with the delivery of 500 Muslim soldiers dibawha led Rates bin Malik on Ramadan 91 H/710 M. He and his men landed in a place that is named Tarifa. The expedition was successful and the tariff back to North Africa brought many ghanimah. Musa bin Nushair, Governor General of Al Maghreb in North Africa at that time, then send 7000 soldiers under the command of Tariq bin Ziyad. Ekpsedisi both landed on the Mount reef Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq At) in 92 H/711. On top of the hill, Tariq spoke to generate semngat fighting troops, because the enemy soldiers will face number 100,000. Tariq got an additional 5000 soldiers from North Africa so that the total number of troops to 12,000 people.
The conquest of the peninsula begins with the delivery of 500 Muslim soldiers dibawha led Rates bin Malik on Ramadan 91 H/710 M. He and his men landed in a place that is named Tarifa. The expedition was successful and the tariff back to North Africa brought many ghanimah. Musa bin Nushair, Governor General of Al Maghreb in North Africa at that time, then send 7000 soldiers under the command of Tariq bin Ziyad. Ekpsedisi both landed on the Mount reef Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq At) in 92 H/711. On top of the hill, Tariq spoke to generate semngat fighting troops, because the enemy soldiers will face number 100,000. Tariq got an additional 5000 soldiers from North Africa so that the total number of troops to 12,000 people.
The fighting broke out near the mouth of the river Salado (Lagend Widow) in the month of Ramadan July 92 H/19 711. This battle began winning battles Thariq the next, until finally Toledo, the capital of West Gothia, can be captured in September of that year. In June 712 AD Moses went to Andalusia to bring 18,000 troops and attacked towns that have not been conquered by Tariq until June of the following year. In the small town of Talavera, Tariq surrender leadership of Moses. During that time, Moses announced to be part of the Andalusian territory Umayyads based in Damascus. Conquest further directed to northern cities to reach the foot of the mountains Pyrenia. Extending beyond the mountains Gaul under the rule of the French. Moses ambition conquered the mountain behind it, but the caliph al walid blessings not even he called Moses and Tariq to return to Damascus. Before leaving Moses handed power to Abd al Aziz ibn Musa. Abd Aziz conquered Andalusia had fallen into the hands of Muslims, except Galicia a rugged and arid region in the northwestern part of the peninsula.
Andalusia became a province of the
Umayyad daulah until the year 132 AH / 750 AD During this period, the Umayyad governor
in trying to realize the dream of Andalusia Musa bin Nushair to master the
Gauls. However, in the battle of Poitiers near Tours in the year 114 AH / 732 AD
Muslim armies under the leadership of Abd al - Rahman al - Ghafiq in at backward
by European Christian armies led Cartel Martel. That is the end point of a
series of successful Muslims Pyneria the northern mountains. After that they have
never won a significant victory in the face of counter-attack the Christians of
Europe. When daulah Umayyads collapsed in 132 AH / 750 AD Andalusia became a
province of Bani Abbas daulah to Abd Al-Rahman ibn Muawiyah, the tenth Umayyad caliph
Hisham Cuvu bn Abd Malik, proclaimed the province as an independent state in
the year 138 AD H/756 Since the proclamation. Andalusia enters a new phase as a
sovereign state under the rule of the Umayyads II capital in Cordova told until
the year 422 H/1031.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
